A 2016 Justice Department indictment and the FBI’s 2024 Internet Crime Report describe the scam call center machine: data brokers, impersonation scripts, threats, and fast payment laundering.
Credential stuffing is the automated replay of username-password pairs from past breaches against login pages, and it works because people reuse passwords — 1 in 5 breached credentials eventually appears in a later stuffing run, per Google's 2019 study of 1.4 billion credentials.